We are also grateful to State Reference Unit for Leprosy get Dimethylenastron Treatment Dr. Marcello Candia, Marituba and the Health unit Guama, for giving her space for the research. We also thank Dr Carl Schwalbe, from Aston University for his guidance in the area of molecular analysis. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: TRS RSB MDC MCM. Performed the experiments: TRS RSB JBJ JLFV PRTR FRO MCM. Analyzed the data: TRS RSB MDC PRTR MCM. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: CGS MCM JLFV RSB PRTR. Wrote the paper: TRS RSB MDC PRTR FRO MCM. Molecular Modeling: RSB JBJ. 8 Oxidative Stress in Leprosy Patients References 1. World Health Organization Weekly epidemiological record. Global leprosy situation 34: 87, 317328. Available: htpp://www.who.int.wer. Accessed 28 April 2013. 2. Imbiriba ENB, Silva Neto AL, Souza WV, Pedrosa V, Cunha MG, et al.. Desigualdad social, crecimiento urbano y hanseniasis en Manaus: abordaje espacial. Rev Sau Pu de blica 43: 656665. 3. Sanches LA, Pittner E, Sanches HF, Monteiro MC Detection of new cases of leprosy in the City of Prudentopolis, PR: the analysis from 1998 to 2005. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 40: 541545. 4. Sousa MW, Silva DC, Carneiro LR, Almino MLBF, Costa ALF Epidemiological profile of leprosy in the Brazilian state of Piaui between 2003 and 2008. An Bras Dermatol 87: 38995. 5. Kwadijk S, Torano JS High-performance liquid chromatographic ~ method with ultraviolet detection for the determination of dapsone and its hydroxylated metabolite in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 16: 203208. 6. Zuidema J, Hilbers-Modderman ES, Merkus FW Clinical pharmacokinetics of dapsone. Clin Pharmacokinet 11: 299315. 7. Coleman MD Dapsone: modes of action, toxicity and possible strategies for increasing patient tolerance. Br J Dermatol 129: 50713. 8. Mendes APS, Schalcher TR, Barros TG, Almeida ED, Maia CSF, et al. A Geometric and Electronic Study of Dapsone. J Comput Theor Nanosc 8: 14281431. 9. Coleman MD, Holden LJ The methaemoglobin forming and GSH depleting effects of dapsone and monoacetyl dapsone hydroxylamines in human PD-168393 diabetic and non-diabetic erythrocytes in vitro. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 17: 5559. 10. Veggi LM, Pretto L, Ochoa EJ, Catania VA, Luquita MG, et al. Dapsone induces oxidative stress and impairs antioxidant defenses in rat liver. Life Scie 83: 15563. 11. Fleming CM, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR, Guengerich FP Human liver microsomal N-hydroxylation of dapsone by cytochrome P-4503A4. Molecular Pharmacology 41: 975980. 12. Mitra AK, Thummel KE, Kalhorn TF, Kharasch ED, Unadkat JD, et al. Metabolism of dapsone to its hydroxylamine by CYP2E1 in vitro and in vivo. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 58: 556566 13. Hummel MA, Dickmann LJ, Rettie AE, Haining RL, Tracy TS Differential activation of CYP2C9 variants by dapsone Biochem. Pharmacol 67: 18311841 14. Ganesan S, Sahu R, Walker LA, Tekwani BL Cytochrome P450dependent toxicity of dapsone in human erythrocytes. Journal of Applied Toxicology 30: 271275. 15. Rimiolli LF, Godoy MF Quantificacao do estresse oxidativo no sangue de ~ hansenianos sob efeito ou nao de tratamento especifico. Hansenol Int 26:9398. ~ 16. Pinnell SR Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection. J Am Acad Dermatol 48:2022. 17. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, et al.. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radic biol med 26: 12311237. 18. Granger DL, Anste.We are also grateful to State Reference Unit for Leprosy Treatment Dr. Marcello Candia, Marituba and the Health unit Guama, for giving her space for the research. We also thank Dr Carl Schwalbe, from Aston University for his guidance in the area of molecular analysis. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: TRS RSB MDC MCM. Performed the experiments: TRS RSB JBJ JLFV PRTR FRO MCM. Analyzed the data: TRS RSB MDC PRTR MCM. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: CGS MCM JLFV RSB PRTR. Wrote the paper: TRS RSB MDC PRTR FRO MCM. Molecular Modeling: RSB JBJ. 8 Oxidative Stress in Leprosy Patients References 1. World Health Organization Weekly epidemiological record. Global leprosy situation 34: 87, 317328. Available: htpp://www.who.int.wer. Accessed 28 April 2013. 2. Imbiriba ENB, Silva Neto AL, Souza WV, Pedrosa V, Cunha MG, et al.. Desigualdad social, crecimiento urbano y hanseniasis en Manaus: abordaje espacial. Rev Sau Pu de blica 43: 656665. 3. Sanches LA, Pittner E, Sanches HF, Monteiro MC Detection of new cases of leprosy in the City of Prudentopolis, PR: the analysis from 1998 to 2005. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 40: 541545. 4. Sousa MW, Silva DC, Carneiro LR, Almino MLBF, Costa ALF Epidemiological profile of leprosy in the Brazilian state of Piaui between 2003 and 2008. An Bras Dermatol 87: 38995. 5. Kwadijk S, Torano JS High-performance liquid chromatographic ~ method with ultraviolet detection for the determination of dapsone and its hydroxylated metabolite in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 16: 203208. 6. Zuidema J, Hilbers-Modderman ES, Merkus FW Clinical pharmacokinetics of dapsone. Clin Pharmacokinet 11: 299315. 7. Coleman MD Dapsone: modes of action, toxicity and possible strategies for increasing patient tolerance. Br J Dermatol 129: 50713. 8. Mendes APS, Schalcher TR, Barros TG, Almeida ED, Maia CSF, et al. A Geometric and Electronic Study of Dapsone. J Comput Theor Nanosc 8: 14281431. 9. Coleman MD, Holden LJ The methaemoglobin forming and GSH depleting effects of dapsone and monoacetyl dapsone hydroxylamines in human diabetic and non-diabetic erythrocytes in vitro. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 17: 5559. 10. Veggi LM, Pretto L, Ochoa EJ, Catania VA, Luquita MG, et al. Dapsone induces oxidative stress and impairs antioxidant defenses in rat liver. Life Scie 83: 15563. 11. Fleming CM, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR, Guengerich FP Human liver microsomal N-hydroxylation of dapsone by cytochrome P-4503A4. Molecular Pharmacology 41: 975980. 12. Mitra AK, Thummel KE, Kalhorn TF, Kharasch ED, Unadkat JD, et al. Metabolism of dapsone to its hydroxylamine by CYP2E1 in vitro and in vivo. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 58: 556566 13. Hummel MA, Dickmann LJ, Rettie AE, Haining RL, Tracy TS Differential activation of CYP2C9 variants by dapsone Biochem. Pharmacol 67: 18311841 14. Ganesan S, Sahu R, Walker LA, Tekwani BL Cytochrome P450dependent toxicity of dapsone in human erythrocytes. Journal of Applied Toxicology 30: 271275. 15. Rimiolli LF, Godoy MF Quantificacao do estresse oxidativo no sangue de ~ hansenianos sob efeito ou nao de tratamento especifico. Hansenol Int 26:9398. ~ 16. Pinnell SR Cutaneous photodamage, oxidative stress, and topical antioxidant protection. J Am Acad Dermatol 48:2022. 17. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, et al.. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radic biol med 26: 12311237. 18. Granger DL, Anste.
