B7-H3 Protein

Research Background :
B7-H3, a member of the B7 family of immunomodulatory molecules, is overexpressed in a wide range of solid cancers.B7-H3 binds to activated T cells via an as yet unidentified receptor. In assays using sub-optimal amount so anti-CD3 stimulation, 2Ig‑B7‑H3 enhances T cell proliferation, T cell interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, and cytotoxic T cells induction.

Research Background :
B7-H3, a member of the B7 family of immunomodulatory molecules, is overexpressed in a wide range of solid cancers.B7-H3 binds to activated T cells via an as yet unidentified receptor. In assays using sub-optimal amount so anti-CD3 stimulation, 2Ig‑B7‑H3 enhances T cell proliferation, T cell interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, and cytotoxic T cells induction.

Research Background :
Ubiquitin-Like-Conjugating Enzyme ATG10 (ATG10) is a ubiquitous 28kDa member of the ATG10 family protein. ATG10 acts as an E2-like enzyme, catalyzes the transfer of ATG12 to ATG5 during in the initial stages of autophagesome formation. The heterodimer of ATG5 and ATG12 subsequntly associates non-covalently with an ATG16 multimer to generate an antophagosome. ATG10 plays a role in the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5 by interaction with MAP1LC3A. In addition, ATG10 can diretly interact with ATG5 or ATG7.

Research Background :
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A) is also known as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1), Death receptor 4 (DR4), CD261 and APO2, which belongs to TNF superfamily.The expression of apoptosis-inducing TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 and of the decoy receptors TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4 was systematically studied in all developmental stages of peripheral B cells isolated from the blood and secondary lymphoid organs. Expression of TRAIL-Rs is modulated along development, with highest levels observed in germinal center B cells.

Research Background :
Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein, also known as Thy-1 antigen, CD90 and THY1, is a cell membrane protein which contains 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. It is a glycophosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, thymocytes, subsets of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesangial cells and some hematopoietic cells. It has been identified on a variety of stem cells and at varying levels in non-lymphoid tissues such as on fibroblasts, brain cells, and activated endothelial cells. Thy-1 is evolutionarily conserved, developmentally regulated, and often has dramatic effects on cell phenotype. Thy-1 is a 25-37 kDa glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein involved in T cell activation, neurite outgrowth, apoptosis, tumor suppression, wound healing, and fibrosis. To mediate these diverse effects, Thy-1 participates in multiple signaling cascades. Thy-1 is an important regulator of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, with important roles in nerve regeneration, metastasis, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Research Background :
Thyroxine-binding globulin, also known as T4-binding globulin, Serpin A7 and TBG, is a secreted protein that belongs to the serpin family. TBG is synthesized primarily in the liver as a 54 kDa protein.TBG is genomically a serpin, although it has no inhibitory function like many other members of this class of proteins. TBG binds thyroid hormone in circulation. It is one of three proteins (along with transthyretin and albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) in the bloodstream. Of these three proteins, TBG has the highest affinity for T4 and T3, but is present in the lowest concentration. Despite its low concentration, TBG carries the majority of T4 in serum. Due to the very low serum concentration of T4 and T3, TBG is rarely more than 25% saturated with its ligand. Unlike transthyretin and albumin, TBG has a single binding site for T4/T3. TBG tests are sometimes used in finding the reason for elevated or diminished levels of thyroid hormone.

Research Background :
Sonic HedgeHog, also known as sonic hedgehog protein, belongs to the hedgehog family. It cannot be detected in adult tissues while can be found in fetal intestine, liver, lung, and kidney. Sonic HedgeHog is a protein that is vital in guiding the early embryo. It has been associated as the major inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Sonic HedgeHog intercellular signal is essential for a various patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Sonic HedgeHog binds to the patched receptor, which functions in association with smoothened, to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of sonic HedgeHog, patched receptor represses the constitutive signaling activity of smoothened. Sonic HedgeHog also regulates another factor, the gli oncogene. Defects in sonic hedgehog can cause microphthalmia isolated with coloboma type 5, triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome and holoprosencephaly type 3.

Research Background :
Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 9(Siglec 9) is expressed by peripheral blood leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes but not eosinophils), and found in liver, fetal liver, bone marrow, placenta, spleen and in lower levels in skeletal muscle, fetal brain and so on. It is a putative adhesion molecule that mediates sialic-acid dependent binding to cells. It also binds to alpha-2,3- or alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid. The sialic acid recognition site may be masked by cis interactions with sialic acids on the same cell surface.

Research Background :
The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell. Known receptors bind S1 are ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; APN, aminopeptidase N; CEACAM, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1; Sia, sialic acid; O-ac Sia, O-acetylated sialic acid. The spike is essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity. The term ‘peplomer’ is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. It’s been reported that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 mainly contains a receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for recognizing the cell surface receptor. S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion. The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. The main functions for the Spike protein are summarized as: Mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion; Defines the range of the hosts and specificity of the virus; Main component to bind with the neutralizing antibody; Key target for vaccine design; Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD), leading to a higher mortality rate.